After tinkering with both related and seemingly unrelated settings, File Server finally started, but now it spewed errors about missing sAMAccountName.
2012/07/03 13:56:40 DEBUG> LDB.pm:570 EBox::LDB::getSidById - sAMAccountName mygroup does not exist.
Deleting groups and creating new ones didn't help, so I assumed that the pre-2.3-1 Zentyal version, from which my LDAP data originated, had something missing from the LDAP schema. I ran
/usr/share/zentyal-users/reinstall. Unfortunately the script failed to reinstall slapd; Looked a lot like
this bug (invoke-rc.d: initscript slapd, action "start" failed).
I'm not quite sure what exactly fixed it, but my last reinstall attempt using aptitude instead of apt-get succeeded.
As both services seem to be working now, I'm marking this as solved.
Edit: The reinstall script failed again. Manually purging and reinstalling slapd along with associated Zentyal modules seems to fix it.